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Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid, AscorbateAscorbic Acid Chemistry glucose -> gluconolactone -> ascorbic acid L-ascorbic acid -> dehydro-L-ascorbic acid + 2H+ + 2e- L-gulonolactone oxidase is absent in humans Under stress animals with this enzyme produce significant amounts of C Biochemistry coenzyme of dopamine B-oxidase: tyrosine -> dopamine -> NE -> EPI coenzyme for proline -> hydroxy proline (collagen synthesis) hydroxy phenyl pyruvate -> homogenistate (precursor of fumarate) Functions Ascorbic acid aids in the absorption of iron, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory Ascorbic acid is involved in drug metabolism and detoxification Ascorbic acid regulates cellular humoral immune function Ascorbic acid involved in degradation of cholesterol and steroid hormone synthesis Collagen synthesis absence leads to impairment of peptidyl hydroxylation of procollagen nonhydroxylated collagen cannot form the required triple helix the synthesis of both proteoglycan and collagen is decreased in ascorbic acid deficiency, possibly due to inhibition of insulin-like growth factor I Requirements RDA - 60 mg, Optimal - 1-9 g Sources acerola berries, orange juice, guava, peppers, grapefruit juice Toxicity abdominal pain and diarrhea in large doses increases uric acid excretion which may precipitate gout can raise oxalic acid levels in urine causing kidney stones (controversial) increases iron absorption possibly causing iron overload very high doses may deplete copper Interactions aspirin and tobacco reduce absorption large doses can cause a false negative hemoccult test Deficiency Scurvy Many features result from these defects in collagen synthesis capillary fragility and hemorrhage, poor healing of wounds, bony abnormalities of children. listlessness, fatigue, weakness, SOB muscle cramps, aching bones, joints and muscles, anemia EENT gum involvement with swelling, friability, bleeding, secondary infection loosening of the teeth Dermatology dry skin, fever, hemorrhage, easy bruising, secondary infections perifollicular hyperkeratotic papules with fragmented and buried hairs perifollicular hemorrhages purpura beginning on the backs of the lower extremities splinter hemorrhages in the nail beds petechial hemorrhages in the viscera Musculoskeletal hemorrhage into the muscles of the arms and legs hemorrhages into joints Symptoms resembling those of Sjogren's syndrome may occur. Hematology Normochromic, normocytic anemia due to bleeding into tissues. Macrocytic and/or megaloblastic anemia Therapeutics EENT glaucoma - lowers intraoccular pressure cataracts Respiratory asthma - anti-histamine effects, phosphodiesterase inhibitor Cardiology cholesterol - prevents oxidation of LDL, raises HDL coronary artery disease - inhibits platelet aggregration decreased triglycerides Liver heavy metal detox - chelates lead, copper and other metals Andrology impotence - prevents agglutination of sperm Endocrinology diabetes - decreases sorbitol in RBC's prevents glycosylation of tissues Urology gout - lowers uric acid levels, increases urinary excretion Immunology allergies - anti-histamine effects infections - increases macrophage activity, anti-viral in vitro wound healing - hydroxylation of proline for collagen synthesis Oncology cancer prevention - inhibits hyaluronidase used by cancer cells Musculoskeletal low back pain - anti-inflammatory Psychology schizophrenia Obstetrics premature rupture of placentia
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Fantastic new books! CAM Therapies has studies on natural therapies for over 100 diseases. CAM Labs lists lab tests for 100 diseases. Nutritional Genetics is a fantastic resource.
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